The multifunctional role of bovine colostrum in managing diabetes: clinical insights and potential therapeutic effects

Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic disorder characterised by insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production, lead- ing to chronic hyperglycemia and severe complications. Although pharmacological treatments exist, there is a growing interest in complementary therapies to improve glycaemic control and attenuate disease progression. Bovine colostrum, a nutrient-rich secretion produced after parturition, contains bioactive compounds such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), lactoferrin, cytokines and immunoglobulins, which have potential therapeutic effects on diabetes. The aim of the review is to report on the various molecular mechanisms through which bovine colostrum is involved in diabetes man- agement. The review analyzes, through clinical studies and potential therapeutic effects, the influence of colostrum on glucose metabolism, insulin sensibility, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes. Preclinical and clinical evidence sug- gests that bovine colostrum supplementation can lower blood glucose levels, improve lipid profiles and enhance immune modulation in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In addition, its role in healing wounds and injuries has been demonstrated in a number of studies that have demonstrated the efficacy of bovine colostrum. Furthermore, its role in wound healing and regulation of the gut microbiota highlights its potential as an adjunctive therapy for diabetes management. Further research is needed to standardise formulations and determine optimal dosages for clinical applications.