Editorial: Community series in reassessing the immune system contribution in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic target, biomarkers of disease and immune pathogenesis, volume II

Recent and advanced methodologies have enhanced the understanding of the immune system features in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, facilitating the development of personalised therapies. The current collection of articles offers new insights into MS pathology and immunology, identifying therapeutic targets and biomarkers. The articles explore various topics, including immunological biomarkers for predicting treatment success, risks of developing secondary autoimmune conditions, PML, and resistance to disease-modifying therapies. The studies also contribute to elucidating some of the pathological roles of cytotoxic B and T cells, dysfunctional humoral regulatory immunity, and inflammatory cascades triggered by EBV reactivation in the CNS. Additionally, the Research Topic highlights emerging biomarkers of disease activity, offering a comprehensive view of the latest advancements in MS research. Out of the submitted works, nineteen articles were accepted and included in this Research Topic. Below, we outline the key findings from each study.