Sarcopenic Obesity: etiology and lifestyle therapy.

Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: Sarcopenic obesity (OS) is a multifactorial condition characterized by the simultaneous presences of sarcopenia and obesity. The prevalence of OS is increasing in adults over 65 years of age; people with OS present greater health risks than people who are only sarcopenic or obese. Therefore, the study of OS and the search for effective treatment are important due to the constant increase of the el- derly population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review discusses the etiology and evolutionary mech- anisms of OS while exploring its molecular, met- abolic, oxidative, inflammatory, hormonal, and nutritional stresses. Studies have tried to unrav- el the causes related to the onset of sarcopenia, which is responsible for the decrease of muscle mass and strength in elderly subjects. The diag- nostic criteria and the methods of evaluation of OS are described in these research studies, al- though there is no univocal definition for these parameters. The most studied treatments in OS are illustrated and highlight how the physical ac- tivity performed through both aerobic and resis- tance exercises, as well as a correct nutritional treatment, prove to be the most effective inter- ventions in the regression of the pathology and in the improvement of physical function. RESULTS: New therapies for OS are hypoth- esized that will open the way to other possible types of intervention in the future. CONCLUSIONS: The deficiency of muscle mass in obese elderly subjects will be one of the health challenges of the future to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.